[291] In the 1920s and 1930s, Charles Holden designed a series of modernist and art-deco stations some of which he described as his 'brick boxes with concrete lids'. The Underground is served by the following depots: In the years since the first parts of the London Underground opened, many stations and routes have been closed. Passengers may not get on the first train[236] and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains,[237] some trains having more than four passengers every square metre. [282] Early District Railway stations were similar and on both railways the further from central London the station the simpler the construction. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled articulated trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. Chiltern Railways shares track with the Metropolitan Line between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Amersham. Photo Sales. [255] A Central London Railway route diagram appears on a 1904 postcard and 1905 poster,[256] similar maps appearing in District Railway cars in 1908. London Underground patronage by line in 201617, Underground Electric Railways Company era, Services using former and current main lines, Sub-surface lines (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle), The Metropolitan and District railways joint inner circle service started in the shape of a horseshoe, a complete loop was formed in 1884. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and the Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916. [37][284] The Central London Railway appointed Harry Bell Measures as architect, who designed its pinkish-brown steel-framed buildings with larger entrances. [273], After the UERL was absorbed into the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933, it used forms of the roundel for buses, trams and coaches, as well as the Underground. Underground map with the tube lines and stations, according to the current . The Underground uses several railways and alignments that were built by main-line railway companies. [44] Only the Metropolitan Railway, along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway, and the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by the main line London and South Western Railway, remained outside the Underground Group's control. Over 28 stations will have lifts installed over the next 10 years, bringing the total of step-free stations to over 100. The line is predicted to run 30 trains per hour, an increase of up to 50% on the current 21 trains per hour. [96][97] Many Overground stations interchange with Underground ones, and Overground lines were added onto the Tube map. Ackroyd, P. (2012). These lines have the exclusive use of a pair of tracks, except for the Uxbridge branch of the Piccadilly line, which shares track with the District line between Acton Town and Hanger Lane Junction and with the Metropolitan line between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge; and the Bakerloo line, which shares track with London Overground's Watford DC Line for its aboveground section north of Queen's Park. [8] The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2020/21 was used for 296million passenger journeys,[3] making it one of the world's busiest metro systems. [285], In the first decade of the 20th century Leslie Green established a house style for the tube stations built by the UERL, which were clad in ox-blood faience blocks. Therefore, the transportation and complex network literatures include extensive information about the Tube system. The line and the stations were transferred to the London Overground network in 2010. Likewise, Southwark follows at 21m, Elephant & Castle at 18m, followed by Pimlico at 16m . [146][147] In 1921 a recorded voice instructed passengers to stand on the right and signs followed in the Second World War. The trains have been replaced with 47 new higher-capacity 2009-stock trains. [214][215], The tube closes overnight during the week, but since 2016, the Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, and Victoria lines, as well as a short section of the London Overground have operated all night on Friday and Saturday nights. [230], The standard issue tube map indicates stations that are step-free from street to platforms. [89], Electronic ticketing in the form of the contactless Oyster card was first introduced in 2003,[90] with payment using contactless banks cards introduced in September 2014. It's useful and clearly indicates the general directions taken by the trains (north, south, east or westbound), with all interchanges clearly shown. Overall, 75 of the 100 best-performing busy stations in the UK are in the capital, and London Overground is one of the top three most punctual railway lines, rail tracker website On Time Trains found. The Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep-level tubes, with smaller trains that run in two circular tunnels (tubes) with a diameter about 11feet 8inches (3.56m). [206], In 2014, TfL became the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment from contactless bank cards. [39] In the early 20th century, the District and Metropolitan railways needed to electrify and a joint committee recommended an AC system, the two companies co-operating because of the shared ownership of the inner circle. Today's tube map is an evolution of that original design, and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world. The Central line operates at 20-minute intervals between Leytonstone and Hainault, between Leytonstone and Loughton, and between White City and Ealing Broadway. The Northern line operates at roughly 8-minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross, and at 15-minute intervals between Camden Town and Edgware and between Camden Town and High Barnet. LONDON TUBE MAP. London Tube Lines Bakerloo Line The Bakerloo Line runs from Harrow & Wealdstone in north west London to Elephant & Castle south of the River Thames and is colour-coded brown on tube maps. [98][99] The project involved rebuilding and expanding several central Underground stations including Tottenham Court Road and Whitechapel. Updated: August 2022. Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification. Devised in 1933 by Harry Beck, the London Underground map is a 20th-century design classic. [77], In 1984 control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with the creation of London Regional Transport (LRT), which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport, still retaining the London Transport brand. Heathrow Terminal 4 Underground station is accessible via lifts or stairs on Level -1. [11] In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, and there are only 33 stations south of the River Thames. [34] These two ran electric trains in circular tunnels having diameters between 11feet 8inches (3.56m) and 12feet 2.5inches (3.72m),[35] whereas the Great Northern and City Railway, which opened in 1904, was built to take main line trains from Finsbury Park to a Moorgate terminus in the City and had 16-foot (4.9m) diameter tunnels. Bond Street Underground Station Tube Station Canary Wharf Underground Station Tube Station Farringdon Underground Station Tube Station King's Cross St. Pancras Underground Station Tube Station London Bridge Underground Station Tube Station Tottenham Court Road Underground Station Tube Station Waterloo Underground Station Tube Station [335], The London Underground provides busking permits for up to 39 pitches across 25 central London stations, with over 100,000 hours of live music performed each year. The Carr-Edwards report, published in 1938 as possibly the first attempt at a graphics standards manual, introduced stricter guidelines. [302], The first posters used various type fonts, as was contemporary practice,[304] and station signs used sans serif block capitals. Meanwhile, Mayor of London Boris Johnson decided it should be demolished along with the Earls Court Exhibition Centre as part of Europe's biggest regeneration scheme. Part of the Greater London Authority, the TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London, who also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London. Around 4,000 RMT Union station staff have . [3] It is operated by Transport for London (TfL). To enable this, ventilation, power supply and control and signalling systems will be adapted and modified to allow the increase in frequency. Here are the most magnificent Tube stations on the London Underground. [25] The Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground "inner circle" connecting London's main-line stations. District Line The District Line has the most stations: 60. The system is composed of eleven lines Bakerloo, Central, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria, and Waterloo & City serving 272 stations. [102][103], As of 2021, the Underground serves 272 stations. [278][279], In 2016, Tate Modern commissioned conceptual artist Michael Craig-Martin to "reimagine" the roundel, changing its colours for the first time since the sign was introduced. London tram workers in 1930. The words "London Transport" were added inside the ring, above and below the bar. The entire Victoria line was suspended from 7am, before . [154] Lift and escalators are abundant with advertising posters which can be used for artistic purposes due to the nature of their layout. In 1999, Carlton Television premiered a regional game show (Greater London area only) also called Mind the Gap. Its first section opened in 1863, making it the oldest underground metro system in the world. This resulted in the closure of the short section of tunnel between Green Park and Charing Cross stations. [162] The EE network has also recently released a WiFi calling feature available on the iPhone. [42] By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. What is the busiest underground line in London? [37] Robyn Denny designed the murals on the Northern line platforms at Embankment. [104][105] Sixteen Underground stations are outside London region, eight on the Metropolitan line and eight on the Central line. [194] Paper tickets, the contactless Oyster cards, contactless debit or credit cards[195] and Apple Pay[196] and Android Pay[197] smartphones and watches can be used for travel. The line is predicted to run a maximum of 27 trains per hour, a 25% increase on the current 21 trains per hour during peak periods. [262][263], The current standard tube map shows the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Emirates Air Line, London Tramlink and the London Underground;[264] a more detailed map covering a larger area, published by National Rail and Transport for London, includes suburban railway services. [292] Holden's design for the Underground's headquarters building at 55 Broadway included avant-garde sculptures by Jacob Epstein, Eric Gill and Henry Moore.[293][294]. If you take the average depth below sea level of all the platforms in each tube station - an important clarification - London Bridge comes out on top (bottom). Harlesden . [59] Following bombing in 1940, passenger services over the West London line were suspended, leaving Olympia exhibition centre without a railway service until a District line shuttle from Earl's Court began after the war. [171], New S Stock trains have been introduced on the sub-surface (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle) lines. The Bakerloo line was extended north to Queen's Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but the First World War delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. [108] Trains generally run on the left-hand track. [203] Fares for single journeys are cheaper than paper tickets, and a daily cap limits the total cost in a day to the price of a Day Travelcard. There are 20 miles (32km) of cut-and-cover tunnel and 93 miles (150km) of tube tunnel. Heathrow Terminal 4 station was closed during the COVID national lockdown. His design was displayed at Southwark Station in collaboration with Art on the Underground to mark the opening weekend of the new Tate Modern gallery situated near the station. [247] A special staff training facility was opened at West Ashfield tube station in TFL's Ashfield House, West Kensington in 2010 at a cost of 800,000. 14:18, Tue The Central line will be part of the New Tube for London Project. [146] The escalators had a diagonal shunt at the top landing. [148] Travellers were asked to stand on the right so that anyone wishing to overtake them would have a clear passage on the left side of the escalator. On our website, you will find the following information about the London Underground: maps of daytime and night-time services, fares, timetables, maps of each tube line, and the railway lines connecting each end of Greater London. Answer (1 of 5): I believe it's London Waterloo, with 24 platforms. [159] UK subscribers to the Three mobile network can use the[160] InTouch[161] app to route their voice calls and texts messages via the Virgin Media Wifi network at 138 London Transport stations. The day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London. [277] The 100th anniversary of the roundel was celebrated in 2008 by TfL commissioning 100 artists to produce works that celebrate the design. Harry Potter fans will remember that the titular character has to find his way from the underground station to a secret . [211] Called a "Freedom Pass" it allows free travel on TfL-operated routes at all times and is valid on some National Rail services within London at weekends and after 09:30 on Monday to Fridays. [274] Between 1948 and 1957 the word "Underground" in the bar was replaced by "London Transport". [6], The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 16:57. [199][200][201], TfL introduced the Oyster card in 2003; this is a pre-payment smartcard with an embedded contactless RFID chip. The free trial proved successful and was extended to the end of 2012,[156] whereupon it switched to a service freely available to subscribers to Virgin Media and others, or as a paid-for service. [299] The project was critically acclaimed, with the Royal Fine Arts Commission describing the project as "an example of patronage at its best and most enlightened", and two stations shortlisted for the Stirling Prize. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled walk-through trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. [309] Johnston was redesigned, becoming New Johnston, for photo-typesetting in the early 1980s when Elichi Kono designed a range that included Light, Medium and Bold, each with its italic version. 2. The London Underground has been running for 160 years. Over 500million journeys have taken place using contactless, and TfL has become one of Europe's largest contactless merchants, with around 1 in 10 contactless transactions in the UK taking place on the TfL network. [158], This partially changed in March 2020, when 4G signal was made available on parts of the Jubilee line, between Westminster and Canning Town, throughout the stations and tunnels. [209], A concessionary fare scheme is operated by London Councils for residents who are disabled or meet certain age criteria. Taking a moment to stop, step back, and look around inside some of London's Underground stations will reveal a wonderful display of urban design. As at 19 March 2013[update] there had been 310days since the last major incident,[245] when a passenger had died after falling on the track. Until 1994 the Waterloo & City line was operated by British Rail and its predecessors. [180][181][182], In mid-2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line. Recurrent architectural structures, an array of surfaces and an abundance of beautifully designed furniture, lighting and details all make London's iconic 150-year-old transport system pretty special. [17][18][19] The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other transport systems besides the Underground, such as the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Thameslink, the Elizabeth line, and Tramlink. [269][270] The word "UNDERGROUND" was placed in a roundel instead of a station name on posters in 1912 by Charles Sharland and Alfred France, as well as on undated and possibly earlier posters from the same period. Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff, and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step. There are 184 lifts,[153] and numbers have increased in recent years because of investment in making tube stations accessible. The Tube Challenge is the competition for the fastest time to travel to all London Underground stations, tracked by Guinness World Records since 1960. [338] Routes on the Underground can also be optimized using a global network optimization approach, akin to routing algorithms for Internet applications. The London Transport brand continued to be used by the GLC. 1868. London Under. [31], For the first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, two 10feet 2inches (3.10m) diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station) and Stockwell, under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface. [226], Accessibility for people with limited mobility was not considered when most of the system was built, and before 1993 fire regulations prohibited wheelchairs on the Underground. Although relatively modern and well within their design life, the trains need work in the medium term to ensure the continued reliability of the traction control equipment and maintain fleet serviceability until renewal, which is expected between 2028 and 2032. [298] Notable stations from this period include Moor Park, the stations of the Piccadilly line extension to Heathrow and Hillingdon. Small changes to the Tube network occurred in the 2000s, with extensions to Heathrow Terminal 5, new station at Wood Lane and the Circle line changed from serving a closed loop around the centre of London to a spiral also serving Hammersmith in 2009. [324][325] Major commissions by Art on the Underground in recent years have included Labyrinth by Turner prize winning artist Mark Wallinger to mark the 150th anniversary of the London Underground,[326] "Diamonds and Circles" permanent works "in situ" by French artist Daniel Buren at Tottenham Court Road[327] and "Beauty < Immortality, a memorial to Frank Pick by Langlands & Bell at Piccadilly Circus. These were all delivered by 2017. metro systems. Police said they were called . [248], In November 2011 it was reported that 80 people had died by suicide in the previous year on the London Underground, up from 46 in 2000. Westminster Picture: Alamy Admit it: every time you change at Westminster from the Circle line to the Jubilee. [317] The Met, strongly independent, used images on timetables and on the cover of its Metro-land guide that promoted the country it served for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter. The deepest station below sea level. [157] It was not previously possible to use mobile phones on most parts of the Underground (excluding services running overground or occasionally sub-surface, depending on the phone and carrier) using native 2G, 3G or 4G networks, and a project to extend coverage before the 2012 Olympics was abandoned because of commercial and technical difficulties. Now, the ventilation space above head height is crowded with ducting, conduits, cameras, speakers and equipment acting as a baffle plates with predictable reductions in flow. Waterloo & City line capacity increased by 50% by 2032, after the track at Waterloo station is remodelled. [313] The Central London Railway used colour illustrations in their 1905 poster,[314] and from 1908 the Underground Group, under Pick's direction, used images of country scenes, shopping and major events on posters to encourage use of the tube. A London Underground line and the London Overground have been suspended as a result of the incident as police swarmed the station this afternoon Police arrive at the scene following the double . [100] The railway opened as the Elizabeth line in May 2022. In 2020, passenger numbers fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic and 40 stations were temporarily closed. Most of the system is north of the River Thames, with six of the 32 London boroughs in the south of the city not served by the Underground. The typesetters P22 developed today's electronic version, sometimes called TfL Johnston, in 1997. [218] Since 2010 a dispute between London Underground and trade unions over holiday pay has resulted in a limited service on Boxing Day.[221]. All underground trains are required to comply with The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 (RVAR 2010) by 2020.[130]. The Hammersmith & City and Circle lines share stations and most of their track with each other, as well as with the Metropolitan and District lines. [134] A 2000 study reported that air quality was seventy-three times worse than at street level, with a passenger inhaling the same mass of particulates during a twenty-minute journey on the Northern line as when smoking a cigarette. The Overground never runs underground. ", "Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2011/12", "Contactless payment on London Underground", "Licencing London's contactless ticketing system", "Design in Relation to the Problem: The London Underground", "Celebrities of Advertising II: Frank Pick", "Frank Pick and his Influence on Design in England", "Tribute to Bank Tube station bomb victims of 1941", "Bethnal Green Tube disaster marked 70 years on", "In Living Memory, Series 11: The 1975 Moorgate tube disaster", "Kings Cross Tragedy Means Safety First For London Underground", "Elizabeth Line "more mannered" than Jubilee predecessor says head of architecture", "About TfL How we work How we are governed Subsidiary companies", "A brief history of the Underground London Underground milestones", "London tube introduces contactless payments", "Services - 541858-2020 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily", "London 2012: Games bring record London Underground users", "London Underground breaks the record again for busiest day ever on the Tube", "Elizabeth line: What is Crossrail and when does it open? [61], During the war many tube stations were used as air-raid shelters. [144] Each lift was staffed, and at some quiet stations in the 1920s the ticket office was moved into the lift, or it was arranged that the lift could be controlled from the ticket office. [281] The Metropolitan Railway's original seven stations were inspired by Italianate designs, with the platforms lit by daylight from above and by gas lights in large glass globes. [13] The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster card, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. [246] As of 2015[update] there have been nine consecutive years in which no employee fatalities have occurred. 1. [48] After the war, government-backed financial guarantees were used to expand the network and the tunnels of the City and South London and Hampstead railways were linked at Euston and Kennington;[49] the combined service was not named the Northern line until later. [56], In the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936. Although the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines station at Paddington is on the other side of the main line station to the Bakerloo, Circle and District lines station, it is shown as a single station on the current Tube map, but still counted as 2 in the official station count. These would be used to increase frequencies and cover the Battersea extension on the Northern line.[183]. [84], TfL eventually replaced London Regional Transport, and discontinued the use of the London Transport brand in favour of its own brand. London Underground was strongly criticised in the aftermath for its attitude to fires underground, and publication of the report into the fire led to the resignation of senior management of both London Underground and London Regional Transport. [149] The first 'comb' type escalator was installed in 1924 at Clapham Common. As with the Victoria line, the service frequency is planned to increase to 36 trains per hour. London tram workers queue up for their pay at the tram subway in Kingsway, High Holborn on April 7 1930. These were constructed in 1926 to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but also halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train.[250][251][252]. There are two instances where two separate stations share the same name: there is one Edgware Road station on the Circle, District, and Hammersmith & City lines and another Edgware Road on the Bakerloo line, and there is one Hammersmith station on the District and Piccadilly lines and another Hammersmith station on the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines. Fares are calculated based on the number of zones traversed. 1940: People asleep on the platform of Holborn underground station during an air raid. [205] In March 2012 the cost of this in the previous year to travellers was 66.5million. The transfer of responsibility was staged, with transfer of control of London Underground delayed until July 2003, when London Underground Limited became an indirect subsidiary of TfL. The Bakerloo line will receive new trains as part of the New Tube for London project. [72], On 1 January 1970 responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government, in the form of the Greater London Council (GLC), and the London Transport Board was abolished. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies. It also depends on an absence of turbulence in the tunnel headspace. [244], London Underground is authorised to operate trains by the Office of Rail Regulation. [76] Under the control of the GLC, London Transport introduced a system of fare zones for buses and underground trains that cut the average fare in 1981. Travel tools; By Rohan Gupta. [63] On 3 March 1943, a test of the air-raid warning sirens, together with the firing of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket, resulted in a crush of people attempting to take shelter in Bethnal Green Underground station. [268], While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the trademark of the London General Omnibus Company registered in 1905, it was first used on the Underground in 1908 when the UERL placed a solid red circle behind station nameboards on platforms to highlight the name. [155], In mid-2012, London Underground, in partnership with Virgin Media, tried out Wi-Fi hot spots in many stations, but not in the tunnels, that allowed passengers free internet access. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. [253], Early maps of the Metropolitan and District railways were city maps with the lines superimposed,[254] and the District published a pocket map in 1897. 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